Types of Reasoning

There are many different types of reasoning:

1) Reasoning by analogy is "reasoning from particular to particular"(wikipedia). This type of reasoning try to prove that if the conclusion is true for one case, then it could be true for a similar situation as well.
Example:
My mom tells my nine-years-old brother,
"My friend's kid got cavities. He did not brush his teeth appropriately. If you did not brush your teeth appropriately, then you would get cavities too. Everyone would get cavities if they did not brush their teeth"

2) Reasoning by sign is when there are two or more things related. They should have a close relationships.
For example: when I say, " when there is rain, there is always dark cloud in the sky." So the relationship between rain and dark cloud is a sign. Other sign relationship could be dawn and night. when sunset comes, we know that night time is coming.

3)Causal reasoning: This is arguing by showing cause to effect or effect to cause.
Example:
I tell my brother
You failed the test because you were lazy and did not study.
Cause: my brother being lazy
Effect: he fail the test

4) Reasoning by criteria: This type of reasoning is like going around the thing you want to say. Instead of saying the argument directly, you say it in a indirect way.
For example: I said to my sister when we went shopping
"you are young, so you should go for something younger. I think this one is better for you." instead of saying "that one is ugly" or "this one suit you better"

5)Reasoning by example: you reason by provide examples to support your reasoning.
Example:
My mom usually tell me and my sibbling
"You never become successful if you are lazy. Look at.....he never really put his mind into doing anything. He only like them for a while, then he always end up quitting. Now he has no job and money. He is wasting his time"
My mom uses a person that we all know to educate us.

6)Inductive reasoning: I think this is very similar to reasoning by analogy. You refer one case to another from a general point. It goes from particular to general. It is opposite to deductive. It is also like reasoning by criteria because inductive reasoning could imply the meaning of what you really want to say. In other words, you say things in indirect way.
Example:
My chinchilla wait at the door cage when he is hungry. He is waiting at the door cage now. So he must be hungry.
- Notice how I make assumption from one case and then relate to the conclusion for the similar situation?


7)Deductive reasoning: this type is the opposite of inductive. We go from particular to general in inductive reasoning. However, we go from general to particular when we use deductive reasoning.
Example:
 Every good students are hard worker. He is a hard worker. Therefore, he is a good student.